\u00a0<\/p>\n
Marco Blume, trading director for the sports book Pinnacle, remembers when betting on the competitive video games known as e-sports was an exotic concept.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen we started with e-sports in 2010, we got maybe $100 in wagers in a week and got excited,\u201d Blume said over videoconference from London. \u201cWe would watch the screen and cheer as each individual bet came in. When I first pitched e-sports wagering to my board, they either said, \u2018What are you talking about?\u2019 or they laughed.\u201d<\/p>\n
Now, in the thick of the coronavirus pandemic, with traditional sports moribund and casinos reeling, no one in the half-trillion-dollar global gambling industry is laughing at e-sports. Instead, they are rushing to offer more betting on it.<\/p>\n
Even as overall wagering has declined, betting companies have been buoyed by an enduring casino truism: Gamblers find things to gamble on. Since March, bettors have flocked to computer games and easily understood digital simulacrums of soccer, basketball and football.<\/p>\n
Many video game publishers are struggling to respond to the surge, and industry reports in Europe, where sports betting is ubiquitous, indicate that half of all such wagering since early March has been on e-sports. Some bookmakers have seen increases in e-sports betting of more than 40 times during that time.<\/p>\n
\u201cE-sports is king now,\u201d Blume said. \u201cSince March, e-sports has been our No. 1 category globally, and the overall majority of total wagering for us. Every significant bookmaker now offers e-sports. If you didn\u2019t before, you certainly do now.\u201d (Global online bookmakers like Pinnacle, based in Cura\u00e7ao, are illegal in the United States but generally legal and popular in much of the rest of the world. Blume\u2019s job of trading director is comparable to running trading and risk exposure for a medium-size Wall Street firm.)<\/p>\n
Over all, worldwide e-sports gambling revenue is expected to double this year to about $14 billion. And as sports gambling spreads across the United States in the wake of a 2018 Supreme Court ruling, states including Colorado, Nevada and New Jersey are vying to get ahead of others in e-sports offerings. In Nevada, sports betting has been regulated since 1949. The state approved its first legal e-sports bet in 2016. It approved two additional tournaments in 2017, then no more until the pandemic began. Since March, Nevada regulators have approved betting on 13 separate e-sports leagues and tournaments.<\/p>\n
\u201cPeople out there want to bet on something, and our licensees want to offer betting opportunities for their customers, and by the nature of how e-sports work, the players can sit in their house and still compete,\u201d James Taylor, chief of the enforcement division of the Nevada Gaming Control Board, said in an interview.<\/p>\n
By mid-March, Taylor said, casino operators were filing e-sports wagering applications at a rate of \u201calmost one a day.\u201d He said his team had approved all of the applications except two, for wagers on leagues that did not satisfy investigators that proper anti-corruption protocols were in place. \u201cAs a regulator, we want to make sure things are done properly with the correct oversight so the entire industry can grow,\u201d Taylor said.<\/p>\n
Many of the applications have come from the Nevada subsidiary of William Hill, the British gambling giant, which operates more than 100 sports books in the state.<\/p>\n
Joe Asher, chief executive of William Hill\u2019s United States operation, said in an interview from Las Vegas that the growth in e-sports reminded him of his childhood experience playing Pac-Man. \u201cI had the patterns memorized,\u201d he said. \u201cI used to wrap bandages around my fingers because I got calluses from the joystick. People would give me quarters to watch me play.\u201d<\/p>\n
He added, \u201cE-sports are here to stay, e-sports betting is here to stay, and now we can just see that more clearly.\u201d<\/p>\n
Seth Schorr, chief executive of the casino management company Fifth Street Gaming and founder of the Nevada Esports Alliance, said of the growth: \u201cI expect that within the next five to 10 years in North America, e-sports will be third after the N.F.L. and the N.B.A. in terms of total wagering.\u201d<\/p>\n
Existing trends \u2018are being accelerated by the coronavirus\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n Offerings have already gone beyond simple bets on whether one world-class video game player can beat another.<\/p>\n While football and basketball wagers still rely on living athletes (usually), humans have become optional to generating action. Some global sports books now offer betting on completely automated soccer matches within the FIFA 20 game made by Electronic Arts \u2014 computer versus computer. In the United States, DraftKings and FanDuel (which offer legal fantasy contests in just over 40 states) have each offered new free contests based on automated games of Madden NFL 20, another Electronic Arts title.<\/p>\n FanDuel and DraftKings, which went public in April, also offer paid fantasy contests for real money based on traditional top e-sports, including League of Legends, by Riot Games, and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, by Valve Corporation. A DraftKings spokesman said that paid e-sports contests are now attracting 20 times more customers and 50 times more entries than they did before March.<\/p>\n \u201cAs with so many things, these trends that have existed for a long time, especially on the internet, are being accelerated by coronavirus,\u201d said Cory Fox, a vice president for government affairs at FanDuel, which is controlled by Flutter, an international gambling company based in Dublin.<\/p>\n States that have embraced sports betting are adjusting yet again<\/strong><\/p>\n With so many states struggling financially, some lobbyists believe that more governments will embrace online gambling \u2014 and e-sports specifically \u2014 as a source of taxable income.<\/p>\n \u201cI was originally hopeful for three or four more states coming online for sports betting this year,\u201d said Bill Pascrell III, a partner at Princeton Public Affairs Group who has represented the lobbying interests of bookmakers and gambling technology companies. \u201cNow I think you could double that as we see legislatures come back.\u201d<\/p>\n In Nevada, the next big step for e-sports betting would be regulatory preapproval of wagering on certain leagues, just like with the N.F.L. and other traditional sports leagues, rather than a requirement of case-by-case petitions.<\/p>\n \u201cIt may take a year or two, but I think now it\u2019s inevitable that we will see a whitelist of e-sports events preapproved for betting in Nevada,\u201d said Blaine Graboyes, chief executive of GameCo, which develops games for casinos and sells e-sports data to bookmakers. \u201cThis period has cemented e-sports as part of the core conversation and offerings for casinos and sports books.\u201d<\/p>\n After leading the Supreme Court fight to expand sports betting, New Jersey finds itself trying to catch up on e-sports.<\/p>\n Its initial law explicitly banned wagers on video games. Under prodding from casinos, that was quickly changed, but only if all those playing the games were 18 or older. Few e-sports leagues can make that promise (or answer just to one state), so now Assemblyman Ralph R. Caputo, a Democrat and the chairman of the New Jersey State Assembly\u2019s tourism, gaming and arts committee, is shepherding a bill that would allow betting on e-sports as long as at least half of the competitors are 18 or older, while banning bets on high school events.<\/p>\n Over all, more than 15 states allow some form of legal sports betting. For the moment, gambling executives say that Colorado, which opened sports gambling on May 1, appears to have the nation\u2019s most liberal e-sports gambling rules.<\/p>\n The $160 billion video game industry is uncertain how to respond<\/strong><\/p>\n Gambling and fantasy sports companies have operated under the belief that they do not need legal permission from any video game\u2019s publisher to offer bets or contests on e-sports. And unlike the large sporting leagues that opposed expanded betting on their games before the Supreme Court ruling, no major publishers have tried extensively to block gambling on their products (though casino executives said that a Nevada application to offer betting on Activision Blizzard\u2019s Overwatch League in 2018 was rejected by regulators partly because the company opposed betting at that time).<\/p>\n Outside the United States, bookmakers can generally offer new wagers quickly and without specific regulatory approval, helping fuel a boom that has left the $160 billion global video game industry scrambling to respond.<\/p>\n Some publishers are appearing to embrace betting by hiring integrity monitors that also sell data and betting services to bookmakers. For example, in mid-April, Nevada regulators approved Activision Blizzard\u2019s Call of Duty League and Overwatch League for betting. Three weeks later, the leagues announced an \u201cintegrity services\u201d deal with the Swiss company Sportradar, modeled on similar deals that Sportradar has with traditional sports organizations like the N.F.L. and the e-sports pioneer Riot Games, the creator of League of Legends, one of the most popular e-sports.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen we first looked at e-sports it was the Wild West,\u201d said Doug Watson, head of e-sports insights for Riot, which is owned by the Chinese media and gaming behemoth Tencent. \u201cSports betting is a big part of the ecosystem and was going to happen regardless of whether we said it should happen or not. So we decided to invest to protect the sport and ensure its longevity and legitimacy.\u201d<\/p>\n Andy Cunningham, head of integrity and league relations for North America at Sportradar, said that traditional and e-sports leagues pay his company to monitor betting for suspicious patterns, investigate possible corruption, educate players and officials on proper behavior and establish anti-corruption procedures. He said those integrity services are separated from the company\u2019s other divisions, which sell sports data and betting services to bookmakers. \u201cThere is absolutely no conflict in what we do,\u2019\u2019 he said, though some gambling executives, like Blume at Pinnacle, disagree.<\/p>\n Days after Riot announced its integrity deal with Sportradar last summer, the companies announced a separate deal under which a Sportradar joint venture pays Riot for exclusive access to data from the company\u2019s League of Legends e-sports tournaments. The Sportradar venture, Bayes Esports Solutions, then sells that data to other companies, including bookmakers. Sportradar\u2019s relationship with the N.F.L. is similar. Activision Blizzard has not announced a data distribution deal with Sportradar to follow on last month\u2019s integrity deal. But such an arrangement is being negotiated, according to two people close to the companies who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the deal before it was publicly announced.<\/p>\n A separate path for integrity monitoring is also emerging for e-sports.<\/p>\n Gambling regulators in Nevada, Britain and Malta, as well as betting companies including William Hill, have strengthened their ties to the Esports Integrity Commission, a group in Britain that is attempting to become a central authority to help stop match-fixing and other corruption \u2014 helping to legitimize the competitions for bettors, fans and sponsors.<\/p>\n But major game publishers have been reluctant to sign up. Game industry executives explained that publishers may want to avoid giving the impression that they actively support gambling or that their games need an international integrity commission in the first place. In Asia, the original home of big-money e-sports, match-fixing scandals have toppled careers, teams and entire leagues.<\/p>\n The issue is clearly uncomfortable for major American video game companies. Electronic Arts (FIFA, Madden) and Take-Two Interactive (NBA 2K) each declined to comment on gambling issues. Activision Blizzard refused an interview and offered only a cursory statement from Pete Vlastelica, chief executive of the company\u2019s e-sports division: \u201cActivision Blizzard Esports is interested in safeguarding the integrity of our competition, as this is our highest priority and the reason for the announced partnership with Sportradar.\u201d<\/p>\n Regardless of how the video game industry responds, the U.S. gambling industry\u2019s embrace of e-sports may be only beginning as top companies grow beyond their focus on brick-and-mortar resorts.<\/p>\n \u201cThey were slow to online table gaming, they were slow in sports betting and they were slow to understand e-sports,\u201d said Pascrell, the New Jersey lobbyist. \u201cBut now, people are recognizing that e-sports is a legitimate industry and it provides real jobs and real money and people enjoy it. E-sports isn\u2019t going anywhere.\u201d<\/p>\n